Aprender Haciendo

“Lo que tenemos que aprender, lo aprendemos haciéndolo”, sentenciaba el filósofo griego Aristóteles allá por el siglo IV a.C. Esta frase, que podríamos incluir sin que sonase extraña en lo que hoy denominamos ‘aprendizaje natural’, resume a la perfección el denominado learning by doing o aprendizaje experiencial, una de las corrientes más vigente en las aulas de todos aquellos educadores comprometidos con el cambio de paradigma educativo. Esta manera de aprender —que no de enseñar—, no es algo novedoso.  Desde Confucio a Rosseau, pasando, como veíamos por Aristóteles, han sido muchos los filósofos y pensadores preocupados por la docencia y su mejor enfoque a lo largo de la Historia.

Pero si tuviéramos que señalar a alguien como el verdadero padre y renovador de la educación por experiencia sería, sin duda, al estadounidense John Dewey (1859-1952), pedagogo de la Escuela Constructivista de Chicago. Profesor y estudioso de sistemas educativos de países tan dispares como Japón, China, México o la Unión Soviética; además, por supuesto, analizar el  modelo de formación del Estados Unidos de aquellos momentos. Sus conclusiones fueron plasmadas en numerosos ensayos como por ejemplo Democracia y Educación, El arte como experiencia o Las escuelas de mañana. Su modelo de docencia suponía un punto y aparte con todo lo establecido en la educación de la época, todavía hoy resultan rompedoras y de máxima actualidad algunas sus propuestas. Dewey sugería que fuera el alumno quien construyera su propio aprendizaje a partir de las herramientas facilitadas por los docentes, de manera que pudiera enfrentarse y resolver los desafíos que se le plantearan con sus propios medios. Su metodología se puede plasmar en cinco pasos, como nos señalan en Movimientos de Renovación Pedagógica: Historia y Presente:

  • Consideración de alguna experiencia actual y real del niño, en el ámbito de su vida familiar o comunitaria.
  • Identificación del algún problema o dificultad suscitados a partir de esa experiencia; es decir, un obstáculo para la experiencia sobre el cual tendremos que trabajar para intentar estudiarlo y salvarlo.
  • Inspección de los datos disponibles, así como la búsqueda de soluciones viables; en esta etapa, los materiales escogidos y los trabajos se convierten en partes del programa escolar.
  • Formulación de hipótesis de solución, que funcionará como idea conductora para solucionar el problema planteado.
  • Comprobación de hipótesis por la acción, pues de acuerdo con el enfoque pragmatista, la práctica es la prueba del valor de la reflexión hecha por el educando con objeto de resolver el problema.

Fue sin duda todo un revolucionario. Fue crítico tanto con la actitud de los alumnos ante el hecho de aprender, como el sistema educativo como tal, que en muchos casos era entendido como un lugar en que tener ocupados a los niños hasta que su edad permitiera incorporarlos al sistema laboral —pensamiento que se mantiene en algunos todavía hoy—. Fue especialmente duro, también, en sus reproches a un sistema educativo enfocado única y exclusivamente a una formación dirigida en exclusiva al mercado de trabajo. Para el pedagogo, la enseñanza debía contribuir a la formación integral del individuo, más allá de su utilidad para los mercados. Desde luego, su figura y sus conclusiones deberían ser tomados muy en cuenta a la hora de replantear el paradigma educacional, algunas de sus preocupaciones, pese a la distancia en el tiempo, siguen en total vigencia.

Qué debemos entender por ‘aprender haciendo’

Un sistema educativo basado casi en su totalidad en un aprendizaje bulímico, en el que los contenidos de los currículos son olvidados una vez ‘vomitados’ en el examen, está condenado al fracaso. Y no sólo el fracaso del sistema como tal, la sociedad que resulta de este modelo está también abocada a ello. Pero, cómo cambiar esto.

Lo primero que hay que hacer es desterrar un sistema educativo cimentado exclusivamente en la memoria y en la ponderación de la misma mediante exámenes y sustituirlo por un aprendizaje basado en las experiencias y su comprensión. Como afirmaba Confucio, “Lo que oigo, lo olvido. Lo que veo, lo recuerdo. Lo que hago, lo aprendo para toda la vida”. No se podría resumir de una manera más concisa y mejor las bases del learning by doing.

Llevar esto a la práctica, a las aulas, es sencillo. Tan sólo se requiere de voluntad y algo más de trabajo. Debemos tener en cuenta que las nuevas tecnologías facilitan, y mucho, la implementación de estas metodologías. En la bitácora Tiching. El Blog de Educación y TIC nos hacen una serie de propuestas que los profes motivados pueden aplicar a sus clases. Extractamos las que, a nuestro juicio, nos parecen más interesantes:

  • Aprendizaje basado en problemas: a través de problemas y retos planteados por el docente, los estudiantes aprenden a resolverlos y a encontrar la información necesaria para hacerlo. Así, identifican por una parte lo que ya saben y, por otra, lo que necesitan saber, adquiriendo el conocimiento de una forma más activa. ¡Pruébalo!
  • Trabajos de investigación: aprovechar la curiosidad y el método científico para que tus estudiantes se conviertan en protagonistas, y para que le den al coco y aprendan por ellos mismos. Experimentos, preguntas, investigaciones… servirán para fomentar el trabajo en equipo o la capacidad crítica. Suena bien, ¿verdad?
  • ¡Dale la vuelta a la clase!: El método “Flip the classroom” consiste en que los estudiantes trabajen el contenido teórico en casa, mediante materiales y vídeos facilitados por el docente, mientras que el tiempo en clase se dedica a ejercicios prácticos donde poner a prueba los conocimientos adquiridos. ¡Empodera a tus alumnos en su propio aprendizaje!

Otra educación es posible. El cambio ya ha empezado.

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